<!DOCTYPE html><html><head><title>R: Bowley's data on values of British and Irish trade, 1855-1899</title> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, user-scalable=yes" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/katex@0.15.3/dist/katex.min.css"> <script type="text/javascript"> const macros = { "\\R": "\\textsf{R}", "\\code": "\\texttt"}; function processMathHTML() { var l = document.getElementsByClassName('reqn'); for (let e of l) { katex.render(e.textContent, e, { throwOnError: false, macros }); } return; }</script> <script defer src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/katex@0.15.3/dist/katex.min.js" onload="processMathHTML();"></script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="R.css" /> </head><body><div class="container"><main> <table style="width: 100%;"><tr><td>Bowley</td><td style="text-align: right;">R Documentation</td></tr></table> <h2> Bowley's data on values of British and Irish trade, 1855-1899 </h2> <h3>Description</h3> <p>In one of the first statistical textbooks, Arthur Bowley (1901) used these data to illustrate an arithmetic and graphical analysis of time-series data using the total value of British and Irish exports from 1855-1899. He presented a line graph of the time-series data, supplemented by overlaid line graphs of 3-, 5- and 10-year moving averages. His goal was to show that while the initial series showed wide variability, moving averages made the series progressively smoother. </p> <h3>Usage</h3> <pre><code class='language-R'>data(Bowley)</code></pre> <h3>Format</h3> <p>A data frame with 45 observations on the following 2 variables. </p> <dl> <dt><code>Year</code></dt><dd><p>Year, from 1855-1899</p> </dd> <dt><code>Value</code></dt><dd><p>total value of British and Irish exports (millions of Pounds)</p> </dd> </dl> <h3>Source</h3> <p>Bowley, A. L. (1901). <em>Elements of Statistics</em>. London: P. S. King and Son, p. 151-154. </p> <p>Digitized from Bowley's graph. </p> <h3>Examples</h3> <pre><code class='language-R'>data(Bowley) # plot the data with(Bowley,plot(Year, Value, type='b', lwd=2, ylab="Value of British and Irish Exports", main="Bowley's example of the method of smoothing curves")) # find moving averages # simpler version using stats::filter running <- function(x, width = 5){ as.vector(stats::filter(x, rep(1 / width, width), sides = 2)) } mav3<-running(Bowley$Value, width=3) mav5<-running(Bowley$Value, width=5) mav9<-running(Bowley$Value, width=9) lines(Bowley$Year, mav3, col='blue', lty=2) lines(Bowley$Year, mav5, col='green3', lty=3) lines(Bowley$Year, mav9, col='brown', lty=4) # add lowess smooth lines(lowess(Bowley), col='red', lwd=2) # Initial version, using ggplot library(ggplot2) ggplot(aes(x=Year, y=Value), data=Bowley) + geom_point() + geom_smooth(method="loess", formula=y~x) </code></pre> </main> </div> </body></html>