--- layout: post title: Set Up a Minimal Git Server categories: [Linux, Dev] tags: [Git, Linux, Windows] --- [Github](https://github.com) is well-known and we are enjoying it, but now I will set up a minimal Git server on Ubuntu according to [Git on the Server](http://www.git-scm.com/book/en/Git-on-the-Server) for some reason you have to set up your own hosting repositories, and it really works well. ## Minimal Git Server Get server information: Kernel and IP address. me@ubuntu:~$ uname -a Linux ubuntu 3.8.0-19-generic #29-Ubuntu SMP Wed Apr 17 18:19:42 UTC 2013 i686 i686 i686 GNU/Linux me@ubuntu:~$ sudo ifconfig eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:0c:29:e2:b7:55 inet addr:192.168.1.111 Bcast:192.168.1.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 inet6 addr: fe80::20c:29ff:fee2:b755/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:18521 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:15017 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:13819275 (13.8 MB) TX bytes:4889250 (4.8 MB) Interrupt:19 Base address:0x2000 lo Link encap:Local Loopback inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0 inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:65536 Metric:1 RX packets:72 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:72 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 RX bytes:17632 (17.6 KB) TX bytes:17632 (17.6 KB) 1 . Create user First, create a `git` user for your git repositories. $ sudo adduser git 2 . Generate SSH Keys Generate ssh keys for users, dylan for example. git@ubuntu:~$ ssh-keygen Generating public/private rsa key pair. Enter file in which to save the key (/home/git/.ssh/id_rsa): /home/git/.ssh/id_rsa.dylan Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase): Enter same passphrase again: Your identification has been saved in id_rsa.dylan. Your public key has been saved in id_rsa.dylan.pub. The key fingerprint is: e5:f7:49:15:6d:39:0a:6e:02:57:4f:6b:c9:e3:d9:c0 git@ubuntu The key's randomart image is: +--[ RSA 2048]----+ | .. . .o| | . . .= oo+| | o o .E..o| | + oo.=. | | S + .o.. | | . o . | | o | | | | | +-----------------+ 3 . Setting Up the Server Now, append the public keys into the `authorized_keys` file. git@ubuntu:~$ cd .ssh git@ubuntu:~/.ssh$ ls -l total 40 drwx------ 2 git git 4096 Dec 23 10:26 ./ drwxr-xr-x 7 git git 4096 Nov 18 18:04 ../ -rw------- 1 git git 0 Nov 18 17:49 authorized_keys -rw------- 1 git git 1679 Dec 23 10:22 id_rsa.dylan -rw-r--r-- 1 git git 392 Dec 23 10:22 id_rsa.dylan.pub -rw------- 1 git git 1675 Dec 23 10:26 id_rsa.gandhi -rw-r--r-- 1 git git 392 Dec 23 10:26 id_rsa.gandhi.pub -rw------- 1 git git 1679 Dec 23 10:26 id_rsa.mandela -rw-r--r-- 1 git git 392 Dec 23 10:26 id_rsa.mandela.pub -rw------- 1 git git 1679 Dec 23 10:26 id_rsa.suukyi -rw-r--r-- 1 git git 392 Dec 23 10:26 id_rsa.suukyi.pub git@ubuntu:~/.ssh$ cat *.pub >> authorized_keys Then, initialize a bare git repository. git@ubuntu:~$ cd repositories/ git@ubuntu:~/repositories$ ls -l total 8 drwxrws--- 2 git git 4096 Nov 18 17:49 ./ drwxr-xr-x 5 git git 4096 Dec 23 10:34 ../ git@ubuntu:~/repositories$ mkdir web.git git@ubuntu:~/repositories$ cd web.git/ git@ubuntu:~/repositories/web.git$ git --bare init Initialized empty Git repository in /home/git/repositories/web.git/ git@ubuntu:~/repositories/web.git$ ls -l total 40 drwxrwsr-x 7 git git 4096 Dec 23 11:15 ./ drwxrws--- 3 git git 4096 Dec 23 11:15 ../ drwxrwsr-x 2 git git 4096 Dec 23 11:15 branches/ -rw-rw-r-- 1 git git 66 Dec 23 11:15 config -rw-rw-r-- 1 git git 73 Dec 23 11:15 description -rw-rw-r-- 1 git git 23 Dec 23 11:15 HEAD drwxrwsr-x 2 git git 4096 Dec 23 11:15 hooks/ drwxrwsr-x 2 git git 4096 Dec 23 11:15 info/ drwxrwsr-x 4 git git 4096 Dec 23 11:15 objects/ drwxrwsr-x 4 git git 4096 Dec 23 11:15 refs/ 4 . Client Test First, get the ssh private key from the server, `id_rsa.dylan` for example. git@ubuntu:~/.ssh$ sz id_rsa.dylan *B00000000000000 Start a git-bash window on the client, and move `id_rsa.dylan` to `id_rsa`: $ ~ mv id_rsa.dylan ~/.ssh/id_rsa dev$ ~ ls id_rsa Configure your global git options: $ git config --global user.name "Dylanninin Gogh" $ git config --global user.email "dylanninin@gmail.com" $ git config -l user.name=Dylanninin Gogh user.email=dylanninin@gmail.com color.ui=true core.editor=vim Create a new git repository and push to the remote git server： $ cd /f/Workspace/web $ git init Initialized empty Git repository in f:/Workspace/web/.git/ $ git add . $ git commit -m 'initial commit' [master (root-commit) a8c85ac] initial commit 14 files changed, 15063 insertions(+) create mode 100644 1.html create mode 100644 css/todos.css create mode 100644 js/app.js create mode 100644 js/lib/backbone-edge.js create mode 100644 js/lib/backbone-min.js create mode 100644 js/lib/backbone.js create mode 100644 js/lib/backbone.localStorage.js create mode 100644 js/lib/jquery.js create mode 100644 js/lib/json2.js create mode 100644 js/lib/underscore.js create mode 100644 js/models/todos.js create mode 100644 js/demo.js create mode 100644 todos.html create mode 100644 ws_client.html $ git remote add origin git@192.168.1.111:~/repositories/web.git $ git push origin master Counting objects: 20, done. Delta compression using up to 2 threads. Compressing objects: 100% (17/17), done. Writing objects: 100% (20/20), 192.52 KiB, done. Total 20 (delta 1), reused 0 (delta 9) To git@192.168.1.111:~/repositories/web.git * [new branch] master -> master Show git log on the server: git@ubuntu:~/repositories/web.git$ git log commit 27e266eb7b67514ae00d7c1aba4539b43ca60680 Author: dylanninin Date: Mon Dec 23 11:21:53 2013 +0800 initial commit git@ubuntu:~/repositories/web.git$ 5 . Security For extra precaution, you can easily restrict the 'git' user to only doing Git activities with a limited shell tool called `git-shell` that comes with Git. me@ubuntu:~$ sudo whereis git-shell git-shell: /usr/bin/git-shell /usr/bin/X11/git-shell /usr/share/man/man1/git-shell.1.gz me@ubuntu:~$ sudo usermod -s /usr/bin/git-shell git Shell into the machine will get a login rejection: me@ubuntu:~$ sudo su - git fatal: Interactive git shell is not enabled. hint: ~/git-shell-commands should exist and have read and execute access. Client side: $ ssh git@192.168.1.111 Welcome to Ubuntu 13.04 (GNU/Linux 3.8.0-19-generic i686) * Documentation: https://help.ubuntu.com/ System information as of Mon Dec 23 09:20:33 HKT 2013 New release '13.10' available. Run 'do-release-upgrade' to upgrade to it. Last login: Mon Dec 23 11:39:20 2013 from 192.168.1.1 fatal: Interactive git shell is not enabled. hint: ~/git-shell-commands should exist and have read and execute access. Connection to 192.168.1.111 closed. 6 . GitWeb You may want to set up a simple web-based visualizer. Git comes with a CGI script called `GitWeb` that is commonly used for this. ![git.kernel](http://www.git-scm.com/figures/18333fig0401-tn.png) For further details, continue reading [GitWeb](http://www.git-scm.com/book/en/Git-on-the-Server-GitWeb). ## Client-side Setting Up You may have multiple Git accounts (always with multiple SSH keys for different accounts respectively), or the remote SSH server (Git's most common transport protocol) is running not at the default (the well-known) 22 port, and it will work well with the minimal salvation through suffering for the elegance of design of Git and SSH. Here's an example for a client-side setting up on Windows 7, and you may have to download a Git tool from [http://www.git-scm.com/download/win](http://www.git-scm.com/download/win), which will provide a minimal GNU/Linux environment for the Windows platform. 1 . Multiple accounts (Github, and my own git server) Create the configure file to specify different account settings, host, identify file or user, etc. $ echo ~ /c/Users/dylanninin@gmail.com $ touch ~/.ssh/config $ cat ~/.ssh/config #github account Host github.com HostName github.com PreferredAuthentications publickey IdentityFile /c/Users/dylanninin@gmail.com/.ssh/id_rsa.github User git #ubuntu account Host 192.168.1.111 HostName 192.168.1.111 PreferredAuthentications publickey IdentityFile /c/Users/dylanninin@gmail.com/.ssh/id_rsa.ubuntu User git 2 . Non-default port (65500 for example) Modify the configure file of your git repository (always `local_repo/.git/config`), change the line: url = git@192.168.1.111:65500/home/git/repositories/web.git to: url = ssh://git@192.168.1.111:65500/home/git/repositories/web.git and the entire config file may look like this: $ cat web/.git/config [core] repositoryformatversion = 0 filemode = false bare = false logallrefupdates = true symlinks = false ignorecase = true hideDotFiles = dotGitOnly [remote "origin"] url = ssh://git@192.168.1.111:65500/home/git/repositories/web.git fetch = +refs/heads/*:refs/remotes/origin/* Without this configure, ssh will connect to the host via port 22, which will result in an "Bad file number, fatal: could not read from remote repository" error. As an alternative, you can append the port specification to `~/.ssh/config` as following: $ cat ~/.ssh/config #github account Host github.com HostName github.com PreferredAuthentications publickey IdentityFile /c/Users/dylanninin@gmail.com/.ssh/id_rsa.github User git #ubuntu account Host 192.168.1.111 HostName 192.168.1.111 PreferredAuthentications publickey IdentityFile /c/Users/dylanninin@gmail.com/.ssh/id_rsa.ubuntu User git Port 65500 ## Others * Local Repositories: Internally supported as Git is designed for distributed development. * [GitLab](https://github.com/gitlabhq/gitlabhq): Project management and code hosting application powered by Ruby on Rails. * [GitBucket](https://github.com/takezoe/gitbucket): The easily installable Github clone powered by Scala. * [Github](https://github.com): Build software better, together. ## Reference * [Git on the Server](http://www.git-scm.com/book/en/Git-on-the-Server) * [Git Protocols](http://git-scm.com/book/ch4-1.html) * [Git SSH error: “Connect to host: Bad file number”](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/7144811/git-ssh-error-connect-to-host-bad-file-number) * [Free Blog with Github Pages](http://dylanninin.com/blog/2013/11/02/free_blogs.html) * [SSH Security Introduction on Linux](http://dylanninin.com/blog/2012/10/08/ssh_on_linux.html) * [Linux Administrator](http://dylanninin.com/blog/2013/10/25/linux.html)